Grenfell Tower

In June 2017, Grenfell Tower in the London Borough of Kensington and Chelsea caught fire killing 72 people and making hundreds homeless. Grenfell Tower was owned by the London Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and was managed by a Tenant Management Organisation (TMO).

The block was 24 storeys tall and contained 120 flats. The block had only one staircase and no sprinklers. Vitally, the block breached the Buidling Regulations: the flats were meant to be able to contain a fire for one hour so that the fire fighters could get to the blaze and put it out before it spread. This is why the Regulations and Codes of Practice include a ‘stay put’ policy for tenants and residents. It is not intended that people will need to escape their homes, down the only staircase, while the fire-fighters struggle up with their hoses, if the firefighter’s lift is out of order. This was the case in the similar Lakanal House fire in 2009.

However, refurbishments to the block in 2016 meant that the one hour compartmentalisation had been breached. The block had been clad in highly flammable materials (ACM) which along with the chimney space created between cladding and the insulation fixed to the original concrete wall allowed the fire to shoot up the building in seconds. The block was engulfed in 15 minutes. This cladding and insulation, a by-product of the petroleum industry, had the equivalent fire load of 32,000 litres of petrol.

As a comparison, the two planes which crashed into the WTC twin towers on 9/11 were each loaded 8,300 Imperial gallons of aviation fuel. The cladding on the outside of the very much smaller Grenfell Tower contained the equivalent of 7,000 Imperial gallons of petrol in solid form.

This terrible fire led to a range of responses including a public judicial inquiry into the circumstances of the fire; a Green Paper on social housing, and an independent review of Building Regulations and Fire Safety, led by Dame Judith Hackitt. Local authorities across the country were required to submit samples of their cladding for inspection by the Building ResearchEstablishment (BRE) and the vast majority failed these flammability tests. Local authorities, alongside the fire brigade, have carried out Fire Risk Assessments of their blocks and some have made the results public, while some have not. Local authorities have been asked by the DCLG to also inspect private blocks to carry out basic fire risk assessments, this is ongoing.

Government money has not been allocated to dealing with the fire risks, as yet.

Experts, landlords, tenants and residents are considering the options – to remove the cladding, to install sprinklers, to build external fire escapes, to demolish. There can be no option to do nothing.

Why did 72 people have to die when the warnings were clear? Various tenants groups including our own National Tower Blocks Network (NTBN) had raised concerns about the fire safety in tower blocks. As early as 1992 the warnings were there, NTBN, with the architect Sam Webb, inspected blocks for fire safety and found serious cause for concern. Then in 2009 six people died in a fire in Lakanal House in Camberwell. This was effectively a smaller version of the Grenfell Tower fire. Here too, the block breached building regulations and the fire spread rapidly up the cladding and through internal gaps, trapping residents.

The government did not act after this fire. They did not take the action necessary to change the building regulations. Yet again they ignored the life saving recommendations of one more Rule 43 Letter from a coroner.

Timeline of Events Since the Grenfell Tower Fire

2017

June 14, 2017: The Grenfell Tower fire tragically claims 72 lives, exposing severe deficiencies in fire safety regulations and building materials used in high-rise residential buildings.
June 2017: Immediate public outcry leads to calls for comprehensive investigations into fire safety standards across the UK.
July 2017: The government establishes the Independent Public Inquiry into the Grenfell Tower fire, chaired by Sir Martin Moore-Bick, to investigate the circumstances surrounding the fire and potential failures in regulations and safety.

2018

May 2018: The first phase of the inquiry begins, focusing on the events of the night of the fire, the response by emergency services, and whether safety protocols were followed.
December 2018: The first report from the inquiry is published, outlining immediate failings in fire safety procedures and emergency response, along with systemic issues in building regulations.

2019

October 2019: The inquiry enters its second phase, investigating the broader regulatory framework governing building safety, including examination of the roles of the local council, fire service, and the manufacturers of building materials.

2020

January 2020: The government announces the formation of the Building Safety Ministerial Group to oversee progress on building safety reforms stemming from the inquiry's findings.
July 2020: The Fire Safety Act is introduced, updating existing legislation to clarify responsibilities regarding fire safety in multi-occupied residential buildings.

2021

April 2021: The Building Safety Bill is introduced in Parliament, aiming to address the failures exposed by Grenfell and focusing on the regulation of building safety and the responsibilities of building owners.
July 2021: The Fire Safety Bill receives Royal Assent, becoming law and further clarifying the duties of responsible persons regarding fire safety measures in residential buildings.
October 2021: The Building Safety Bill progresses through Parliament, incorporating recommendations from the Grenfell Inquiry related to fire safety regulations.

2022

May 2022: The Building Safety Bill is passed and receives Royal Assent, establishing new regulatory frameworks for building safety and introducing the Building Safety Regulator.
November 2022: The inquiry's second phase concludes, focusing on the regulatory environment surrounding building safety prior to the Grenfell fire.

2023

April 2023: The Building Safety Regulator begins operations, tasked with enforcing higher building safety standards and overseeing compliance across the sector.
June 2023: The Building Safety Ministerial Group meets to assess progress on building safety reforms and discusses interim measures to enhance resident safety in high-rise buildings.
September 2023: A government conference is held with key stakeholders to evaluate findings from the Grenfell Inquiry's first report and gather input on proposed regulatory changes in building safety.
December 2023: Local authorities are urged to expedite cladding remediation processes for high-rise buildings, with additional funding allocated to support these efforts.

2024

April 2024: The Grenfell Inquiry publishes its final report, detailing its findings and recommendations, which call for significant reforms in fire safety regulations and building practices to prevent future tragedies.
Ongoing: The government and relevant authorities continue to assess and implement the inquiry's recommendations, with discussions regarding further legislative changes expected.

2025

January 2025: The Building Safety Regulator publishes new guidelines for the management of existing high-rise residential buildings, emphasising enhanced fire safety protocols and resident safety measures.
March 2025: The government introduces the Building Safety (Amendment) Bill to Parliament, incorporating key recommendations from the Grenfell Inquiry, including stricter penalties for non-compliance with safety regulations.
May 2025: Ongoing discussions with industry stakeholders reveal challenges in implementing the new regulations, as some buildings require significant modifications to meet safety standards, particularly regarding cladding and fire safety systems.

click boxes to read documents

27.09.17

Investigation into danger of combustible plastics, plastic insulation industry lobbying, building regulation and role of the BRE

2017 The All Parliamentary Group for London’s Planning and Built Environment hear a panel of experts on the implications of Grenfell Tower for London’s housing stock

2018 Report commissioned by Shelter, carried out by Universities of Bristol and Kent, into the gaps in legislation and enforcement and into legal remedies which could strengthen protection for tenants

Services provided by North Kensington Law Centre, based in the neighbourhood of Grenfell Tower,

ITV article highlighting the official warnings about fire safety at Grenfell Tower

BBC Documentary, The Fires That Foretold Grenfell, 2018

Journal of Hazardous Materials; 'Fire Behaviour of Modern Facade Materials - Understanding the Grenfell Tower Fire' by the Centre For Fire and Hazard Sciences, University of Central Lancashire

Supplementary material to accompany the report 'Fire Behaviour of Modern Facade Materials - Understanding the Grenfell Tower Fire'

The Fire Brigade's Union say that 'a deep seated culture of complacency' over fire safety by every government since Margaret Thatcher led to the deaths of 72 people at Grenfell.

Timeline for Phase Two of the Grenfell Tower Inquiry

Grenfell tower